Political Philosophy and Machiavelli Essay

â€Å"And if all men were good, this teaching would not be good; but because they are wicked and do not observe faith with you, you also do not have to observe it with them† (69). Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince is arguably the most famous and controversial political science book of all time. Many think of Machiavelli as synonymous with evil. The father of the idea that the ends will always justify the means, the term Machiavellian has become connected with selfish, brutal, or immoral actions. Machiavelli has long been associated with totalitarianism, conquest, and tyranny. But is this label deserved? Is The Prince a book that expresses evil? Many argue that Machiavelli is not a teacher of evil, but bases his teachings on a pragmatic realism that has long been a part of politics. He would certainly not be the first to have such a view, and he is certainly not the last. In promoting his realistic view of power and politics, Machiavelli does not teach evil, instead, he uses necessity and practicality as the criteria in which his thought is based on. In this way we see that he does not put the matter of good or evil as a priority in his actions, but uses practical methods to make his choice in each instance as to what is necessary and beneficial. Through the exploration of the basis for Machiavelli’s treatment of ethics and his agenda for writing The Prince we see that his teachings are not evil, but based on political pragmatism and necessity. He himself makes it clear as he advises the Prince on how to be able to do what is necessary whether it is good or evil. â€Å"And so he needs to have a spirit to change as the winds of fortune and variations of things commanded him, and as I said above, not depart from good, when possible, but know how to enter into evil, when forced by necessity † (70). Machiavelli treats morality and prudence not as guides for a Prince, but as tools to use for political gain. In this way we see that Machiavelli is not preaching evil, which would be to encourage the opposite of virtue and morality, but to use them in different ways depending on the situation. Virtue is a key concept when discussing moral living and actions, and vice is the opposite of virtue. The concepts of virtue and vice are age-old ideas ingrained within human society. But the traditional view of virtue and vice, laid out by such thinkers as Aristotle and Plato, is changed to fit the pursuit of power in Machiavellian’s The Prince. Classic virtue comes from a criterion based on just and beneficial interaction, while pursuing an end, within a civil society. This interaction can involve the impact of an individual on another individual, a citizen and a state, or even an impact an individual has upon himself. Thus a man who sacrifices his life to save his friend, city, or beliefs is thought of as virtuous. On the other hand the reciprocal of this action would be vice, a man who sacrifices his friend, city or beliefs to preserve his life may be viewed as possessing a vice. Virtue finds its anchor in morality and ethics, and upholds that, it is focused on preserving qualities like justice and harmony. The change in the Machiavellian code of morality comes as a result as result of an entire shift in what the foundation of this morality is built on, namely the ends being pursued. The Machiavellian concept of virtue not only divorces virtue completely from its ethical foundation, but places it on a foundation of ability to execute what is necessary in order to achieve what is desired. In this case what is desired is power, which is to be strictly maintained and used to achieve glorious ends, whatever they may be. From this foundation of the pursuit and maintenance of power comes the Machiavellian outlook on everything else, and is the reason in which he is able to separate ethics from politics. Morality in its classical sense would only serve to get in the way of power and prudence; it creates unnecessary dilemmas between what is politically necessary and morally correct, interfering with being a wise ruler. Therefore the Prince must take the necessary actions regardless of their moral ramifications. â€Å"? [If] one considers everything well, one will find something that appears to be virtue, which if pursued would be one’s ruin, and something else appears to be vice, which if pursued results in one’s security and well-being† (62). Machiavelli removes the foundation of prudence and virtue from morality, and reinterprets them in regards to necessity and power. Correct policy within The Prince is based on the Machiavellian conception of virtue and prudence. Stemming from this, Machiavelli at times refers to virtue and prudence in their classical definitions, pertaining to high morality, and just actions. But at other times in The Prince, he refers to them as directly pertaining to the proper execution of power. For example he often compares a ruler’s success, not morality, with virtue. No matter how brutal the ruler, if he is able to hold power well then he is virtuous. Prudence is thought of as being careful, observant and logical in the classical sense. But Machiavelli uses it to describe a ruler who is very sharp, decisive, and makes the correct choices. â€Å"A prudent lord, therefore, cannot observe faith, nor should he, when such observance turns against him, and causes that made him promise have been eliminated† (69). It therefore would be prudent for a ruler to massacre a rebellion, if it meant the ultimate preservation of power. In this case necessity calls for action, even if those actions go against classical morality. A ruler, who has correct judgment and knows what is the best course of action, would take the proper measures to stop the rebellion and pay no attention to the morality of his actions. The ends in this case change the conception of the codes in which the means are to be judged by; no longer is the end such universally beneficial ideas of peace and justice, but power and conquest. Virtue and prudence to Machiavelli hold meaning only in the sense of ability and accomplishment. To Machiavelli cunning would be a virtue, as would decisiveness while wielding power. A vice for a ruler would be stupidity, or ignorance of ones own subjects. Something that is virtuous in the classical sense would only be followed if it were deemed compatible with the situation, and did not in anyway undermine the ends being pursued. The Machiavellian view is based on and around a realism seen in politics and history, and is amoral. The entire intent of the book was to write a pragmatic and realistic approach to dealing with power, not a lesson in high virtue and morality. He states, â€Å"But since my intent is to write something useful to whoever understands it, it has appeared to me more fitting to go directly to the effectual truth of the thing than to the imagination of it† (61). He finds that necessity is what guides most actions. â€Å"? [Because] men will always turn out bad for you unless they have been made good by a necessity†(95). A military training manual written on the best way to execute killing would not go into a debate on whether or not killing is right or wrong. The manual would be almost amoral and not go into the debate, those who have already settled that debate in their minds would read it, and the same follows for The Prince. One should not associate the teachings of The Prince as something that Machiavelli himself feels is moral, just and proper, but rather what history has shown to be the ideal and efficient way to handle power. Survivor in the political world creates certain necessities, and forces individuals to undertake certain actions in order to ensure success. â€Å"? [for] it is so far from how one lives to how one should live that he who lets go of what is done for what should be done learns his ruin rather than his preservation† (61). The purpose of The Prince is not a guide to being a moral Prince, but how to abide by necessity and pragmatism. Just as a purpose of the war manual would not be the ethics of killing. The manual would not debate war as a just or unjust means to an end, but instead would accept it as reality, and try to approach it with the same harsh reality. In fact the entire purpose of The Prince was to serve as a guide to restore Italy to greatness, a path that can only be achieved by power. He uses examples from throughout history of rulers who acted successfully when faced with a situation, drawing from these examples he shows the correct actions that a Prince should follow. There is no room for being a virtuous and honest ruler, as it will be at odds with the reality of political life. Because he uses realistic examples from history, we see his true pragmatic nature; his ultimate goal is the achievement of his ends, not the correct actions. Machiavelli uses the actions of past rulers whether or not they are just, as long as they prove successful for the ends being pursued. Machiavelli himself states that he has taken a realist approach, and outlines the reason as to why he has taken this approach, as being necessary and efficient. If one were to examine the way in which Machiavelli looks towards allowing freedom towards his subjects, or the treatment of honesty toward his subjects, one would conclude that Machiavelli himself was not in favor of these things. It would be a mistake to reach this conclusion, it is not so much that he is against freedom or truth, but he realizes that these things will damage and undermine ones power – the goal and focus of The Prince. â€Å"For a man who wants to make a profession of good in all regards must come to ruin among so many who are not good† (61). Machiavelli is not favoring things that we would view as brutality, deception and in many cases evil; instead he is using them as tools in an act to obtain what he desires. Machiavelli spends much time on the behavior that a Prince should follow in order to be successful. Although Machiavelli goes through many different traits and practices a ruler should follow, the two that he deems very necessary are to be loved and to be feared. Machiavelli stresses that a ruler should seek to be loved, but above all make sure that he is not hated, because if he is hated it will ultimately be his undoing. This follows the Machiavellian line of pragmatism and necessity; it is not motivated by a lust for evil or deceit, but is something that many people who are appalled by his amorality would agree with. If Machiavelli were a teacher of evil he would never make such a statement. A leader who is feared will ultimately deter any action against him by his ability to control the actions of the people with his fear. . Morality will only serve to hamper a prince’s abilities. â€Å"This has to be understood: that a prince, especially a new prince, cannot observe all those things for which a men are held good, since he is often under a necessity, to maintain his state, of acting against faith, against charity, against humanity, against religion. And so he needs to have a spirit disposed to change as the winds of fortune an variations of things command him? † (70). The most efficient way to deal with a problem is usually not the moral way, and Machiavelli time and time again points to this as the reason in which he chooses the path he does. His book is not for idealists, and as he states idealists rarely accomplish what they want. His book is for the guidance of a Prince towards power, and the ability to maintain that power. All of these things follow the strict Machiavellian criteria of necessity for power. Whether these things are good or evil in our eyes is not the topic of discussion for Machiavelli, therefore it does not concern him, what he seeks is the necessary actions to gain and maintain power. â€Å"Hence it is necessary to a prince, if he wants to maintain himself, to learn to be able not to be good, and to use this and not use it according to necessity† (61). This doctrine of pragmatism within The Prince was not invented by Machiavelli, one can look at it as merely an expression of the practical political ideas of his time, and perhaps forever. We see that Machiavelli puts forth an ethics of political convenience. It does not hold to or allow itself to be hampered by morality, virtue, or Christian values, but allows them only when opportune and beneficial. The Prince’s doctrine supports actions including murder, deceit, and betrayal given that the Prince will benefit from it. The ethics found within Machiavelli is entirely based upon a realistic outlook upon the political world and caters to political convenience. To Machiavelli this moral code of convenience and pragmatism is a political necessity. He states that when it is politically necessary to act in accordance with a vice then one must do so in the interest of power. â€Å"And furthermore one should not care about incurring the fame of those vices without which it is difficult to save one’s state? â€Å"(62). He holds that the world will swallow up idealists, and that it is unrealistic to expect someone to exercise morality when dealing with a political situation, or their enemies. Through the exploration of the basis for Machiavelli’s treatment of ethics and his agenda for writing The Prince we see that his teachings are not evil, but based on political pragmatism and necessity. Machiavelli treats morality and prudence not as guides for a Prince, but as tools to use for political gain. By removing the foundation of prudence and virtue from morality, he reinterprets them in regards to necessity and power. The amoral Machiavellian view centers on a realism seen in politics and history. The entire purpose of The Prince is not a guide to being a morally, but a guide to necessity and pragmatism. This doctrine of pragmatism within The Prince was not invented by Machiavelli, but used masterfully by him to craft a powerful instructional book on power. The concept of morality is not attacked or thrown away, but put aside and only referred to or used when necessary. In the real world few will be honest, or moral, so it becomes necessary for one to also set these things aside as it will conflict with ones ends. This is the reality of politics and Machiavelli recognizes this and refers to it many times in the book as the reason to why he chooses the path he does and not out of evil or some wish for deceitful actions. Political reality deems his method necessary, thus it is a realistic and pragmatic way to approach the subject.

“I, Too Sing America” by Langston Hughes Essay

Poem â€Å"I, Too Sing America † is considered to be very characteristic for radical poetry of Langston Hughes. The majority of literary critiques and historians refer to Hughes as one of the first American poets, who set the standards and examples how to challenge the post-World War I ethnic nationalism. His poetry contributed and shaped to some extent the politics of the Harlem Renaissance. In analysis of Black poetry Charles S. Johnson wrote that the new racial poetry of the Negro is the expression of something more than experimentation in a new technique; it marks the birth of a new racial consciousness and self-conception. It is first of all a frank acceptance of race, but the recognition of this difference without the usual implications of disparity (145). Being acquainted with many Hughes’s works, for instance â€Å"Our Land,† â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers,† and of course â€Å"I, Too Sing America,† Johnson confirmed that poet had a strong sense of â€Å"race pride† and characterized Hughes’s poetry to be â€Å"without doubt the finest expression of this new Negro Poetry† (145). Some literary critiques refer to Hughes’s poem â€Å"I Too Sing America† as radical poetry. However, if in this poem Hughes chose to sacrifice artistry for politics, it was not because the two are mutually exclusive. The main reason for such Hughes’s technique is that the blues aesthetic of his early poems embraced a form of nationalism he could no longer abide (147). Hughes himself concludes that the chief responsibility of the black writer was to produce a racial literature drawn from African American life and culture. â€Å"We younger Negro artists who create,† Hughes wrote, â€Å"now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame† (309). Onwuchekwa Jemie, who identified Hughes as a black nationalist, notes that â€Å"Hughes’s insistence on a distinct black art †¦ is †¦ a recognition of the fact that Afro-Americans are a distinct people within the American nation† (103). Therefore, â€Å"I, Too† creates a feeling of an individual versus a large group enhancing the loneliness felt. The poem recognizes an actual inequality African Americans felt during a time period of racial discrimination. Hughes recognizes that although different in color, all people living in America were Americans and deserved to be treated not just equally, but with dignity and honor. Therefore, he poetically forecasts the trends America experienced in 1960’s when the equal status of blacks was nominal. Hughes is not known for using lots of symbolism. His poetry is generally straight forward and to the point. There is not much hidden meaning in his poetry either. What little symbolism he does use is very deep. It can be interpreted in a many number of ways. â€Å"I Too Sing America† has psychological and cultural references such as intergroup stereotyping, communication, cooperation, and conflict. Moreover, it sounds like a slogan, appeal to immediate action. Therefore he hides his radicalism in very title of the poem, which is not a poem at a closer look but a song. It is very crucial to perceive â€Å"I Too Sing America† as a song, emotional, radical, political, but still focused on black aesthetics. The poem is about the hope of one day being equal; it is expressed in each stanza at least once. â€Å"I laugh And eat well And grow strong.† These lines represent hope along with determination. It also gives us insight to the style that Hughes uses in all his poetry. He uses humor in most of his writing to convey his message. What the laugh represents is his thoughts of the future. â€Å"I laugh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They will laugh, and will be happy. Moreover, laugh means that he’ll be able to look back. Eating is another interesting symbol. Most probably it represents learning and knowledge. Without knowledge one cannot further themselves in life or make themselves better. Eating well means to learn well and retain the knowledge. â€Å"Growing strong† represents the retaining of the knowledge. Not only does this mean to grow strong with knowledge but for the voices of equality to grow stronger. The biggest use of symbolism is the last line: â€Å"I, too, am America.† In Walt Whitman’s poem â€Å"I hear America singing† the American people are just the working class, Anglo Saxons. The line â€Å"I, too,  am America† shouts out that someone was forgotten, an poetic echo of many years of oppression and discrimination. Whom are you are going to oppress. Hughes’s answer is – yourself. People oppressed themselves yesterday, are oppressing today, but will not tomorrow. Tomorrow will come and no one will be neglected. The psychological and cultural references are not as blatantly placed as the symbolism. The darker brother represents the black man trough a metaphor. In society darkness is used to symbolize evil. Poet employs such a term not accidentally. Placing â€Å"dark,† Hughes emphasizes term â€Å"black.† Eating in the kitchen represents repression. Most Kitchens are hidden much like the suffering of African Americans. They were hidden from the company; the company can be interpreted as a metaphor for foreign countries, or people in general. Most American people were blind to the horror and brutality of slavery. Slavery was also psychological, that is why the knowledge is important. Before one can rise up, one must first discover what it is they are rising up against. â€Å"Tomorrow I’ll be at the table When company comes Nobody’ll dare Say to me, â€Å"Eat in the kitchen’, Then.† Above lines show that â€Å"dark brothers† have learned and will no longer be held down. It also shows the strength of their voices that no one will challenge any longer. It describes the future and the past using the kitchen as the  world. The best realization is made at the end of the poem: Besides, They’ll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed.† Poet employs contrast technique to put a parallel between ugly black today and beautiful â€Å"dark brother† of tomorrow, making a transparent window through past to future. Captive Negro waits for tomorrow beauty and finally he will be rewarded for his patience and sufferings. In these last words, as many analysts believe, Hughes makes an emphasis on black culture, its terrific features and diversity. Rampersad writes, â€Å"through the display of black sensitivity, intelligence, and artistic versatility, it was believed, whites would come to a new understanding of the humanity of African Americans and help to accelerate social change† (16). If anything were going to convince a â€Å"white† America of the humanity and equality of blacks, it would have to be â€Å"culture,† that realm where human beings differentiate themselves from the â€Å"savage† and aspire to the divine. Bibliography Johnson, Charles S. Jazz and Blues. Critical Essays on Langston Hughes. Ed. Edward J. Mullen. Boston: Hall, 1986. Onwuchekwa, Jemie. Hughes’s Black Esthetic. Critical Essays on Langston Hughes. Ed. Edward J. Mullen. Boston: Hall, 1986. Rampersad, Arnold. Introduction. The New Negro. Ed. Alain Locke. New York: Atheneum: 1992. Hughes L. Good Morning Revolution: Uncollected Writings of Langston Hughes. Ed. Faith Berry. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1992. 159-61.

Chemalit Chemicals

Less: Amortization expense (1041. 67)123,958. 33 Total assets $491,197. 91 Liabilities 0 Stockholders Equity Contributed Capital 500,000. 00 Retained Earnings (8,802. 09) Total Stockholders equity 491,197. 91 Total Liabilities and Stockholders equity $491,197. 91 CHEMALITE, INC Cash Flow Statement For the period ended June 30, 2003 Cash flows for operating activities Cash paid to suppliers $ (75,000. 00) Cash paid for legal fees, charter printing costs (7,500. 00) Net cash flow from operating activities (82,500. 00) Cash flows for investing activities Cash paid to purchase machinery (62,500. 00) Cash flows from financial activities Cash received from shareholders 375,000. 00 Cash at end of year $230,000. 00 4. Financial Statements for stockholder’s for year 2003 CHEMALITE, INC Balance Sheet At December 31, 2003 Assets Cash $ 113,000. 00 Accounts Receivable 69,500. 00 Inventory 55,000. 00 Property, Plant and Equipment$ 212,500. 00 Less: Accumulated Depreciation10,885. 42 201,614. 58 Patent 125,000. 00 Less: Amortisation 25,000. 00 100,000. 00 Total Assets $ 539,114. 58 Liabilities 0 Stockholders Equity Contributed Capital 500,000. 00 Retained Earnings 39,114. 58 Total Stockholders equity 539,114. 58 Total Liabilities and Stockholders equity $ 539,114. 58 Income Statement For the period ended December 31, 2003 Revenue $ 754,500. 00 Expenses Cost of Goods Sold $ 545,000. 00 General and administrative expense 87,500. 00 Research and development expense 23,750. 00 Advertisement expense 22,500. 00 Interest expense 750. 00 Amortisation expense 25,000. 00 Depreciation expense 10,885. 42 Cash Flow Statement For the period ended December 31, 2003 Cash flows for operating activities Cash received from customers $ 685,000. 00 Cash paid to suppliers and employees(600,000. 00) Cash paid for administrative expenses(87,500. 00) Cash paid for research and development(23,750. 00) Cash paid for Advertising(22,500. 00) Net cash flow from operating activities $ (48,750. 00) Cash flows for investing activities Cash paid to purchase machinery(212,500. 00) Net cash flow from investing activities (212,500. 0) Cash flows from financing activities Cash received from shareholders 375,000. 00 Cash paid for interest on loan (750. 00) Net cash from financing activities 374,250. 00 Cash at end of year $ 113,000. 00 5. Report to Shareholders:- To Our Shareholders The year 2003 has been a very significant year for Chemalite, Inc with a successful commercial launch of its product and revenue earnings of over $700,000. The initial profits made in the first year are moderate due to the high ini tial expenses made on setting up the business and advertising. The financial health of the company is healthy with zero liabilities and a positive cash balance throughout the year despite the huge cash outflow from initial investment behind machinery and installation. The new invention of Chemalite has been patented by the company and is showing good value for business use. In addition to our current revenue sources we are expecting a great deal in the coming year which will be prestigious for the company as well as profitable. The committee for the Olympic Games, Athens 2004 has placed a firm order with us for 60,000 Chemalites which will generate $90,000 in revenue. The Olympics committee wants to give a Chemalite to each person in the opening ceremony. The athletes and fans will light their Chemalites which will be symbolic of the Olympic flame. This will bring us publicity and will improve our future marketable value. Going forward, we will have guaranteed sales from any demands for fireless ignition as Chemalite does not expect any competitors to come up with a similar product before five years. Lastly, we thank the shareholders for their continuous support and belief in the company.

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 7

International Marketing - Essay Example This marketing plan identifies a new marketing strategy for the organisation in order to improve its contemporary image. The plan recommends an integrated marketing communications strategy involving many elements of public relations theory and practice. Currently, the mission of the London’s Ships of Historic Interest Partnership is to â€Å"provide a valuable source of information and inspiration, as well as facilities to inform and educate the public on our need of the sea† (londonships.org.uk 2010, p.1). In most respects, the current communications strategy is that of information exchange as a primary goal. This is not working effectively to build consumer interest and raise revenues needed to offset the costs of renovation in order to make these old vessels gleam with modern appeal to diverse consumer audiences. They key is to change the marketing message being delivered. The objectives of the new and enhanced marketing strategy are to remove the emphasis on education and information, making the venue appear more exciting and relevant to the needs of a new style of consumer target group. The goal is to increase revenues by 30-40 percent within one year, using a blend of public relations strategies and modernised communication practices. The plan anticipates turning the attraction around from being a niche activity to a broad-based tourist hotspot that appeals to mass markets with varying demographics and lifestyle values. Reassessment of current marketing strategy led to a variety of marketing literature that was mainly focused on the use of Internet tools, from website development to use of social networking tools as the main focus for promotion. However, this strategy had no direct linkage to relevant tourism sites and therefore was an inferior promotional strategy. This could be due to the fact that the current target market is misaligned with revenue goals,

About marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About marketing - Essay Example These strategies were part of â€Å"The way forward† an initiative that the CEO adopted to make the company profitable. Ford Company recognized that each of its market segments has unique needs. In this regard, the company introduced new and stronger brands such new Fusion auto. In order to make the new brand attain stronger customer awareness, the company emulated Fusion studio, a promotional campaign that was focused at female customers who highly valued the brand. During the promotion, women were offered free beauty services, music as well as fitness training (Magee and Ford 47). Another strong brand that Ford introduced in the market was the Ford Fiesta. Even though the company brands are focused at meeting the needs of various market segments, Ford Fiesta is a unique model that is accepted in all the market segments. The shift from luxury market in Europe to an emerging market in Asia is another tactic that Ford has adopted to excel in the global market. This has resulted to high demand for Ford models in China and Asia leading to expansion of operations in the two countries. In addition to the introduction of electric vehicles, Ford has continued to emulate effective pricing techniques for its products making it to offer stiff competition to its main rival, Toyota Motor Corporation. Trek Bicycle adopts various market segmentation variables to retain the loyalty of its customers. One of the major variables is lifestyle and behavior. The company realizes that consumers who like to ride in city streets behave differently from those who value mountain riding. In the same way, while some of its customers like a smooth ride, others prefer to experience rough terrains while riding. In this regard, the company focuses at retaining its city riders by selling to them electric motors and pedal-power bikes. Similarly, Trek offers full-suspension model to consumers who value comfort while those who like to feel the terrain are offered with hard-tails. Gender

A View from the Bridge by Cherokee McDonald & Two Ways of Seeing a Essay

A View from the Bridge by Cherokee McDonald & Two Ways of Seeing a River by Mark Twain - Essay Example 2. Comparative Analysis Although the two essays deal with two different subject matters and themes yet there are some similarities in the thematic concerns and symbolism incorporated by the two authors. However the technique or the style of narration utilized and the depiction of the theme and symbols highlight their individualistic writing styles. 2.1. Narration Technique Mark Twain in his treatise uses the technique of third person narration which provides the readers with a chance to draw their personal conclusions as he acts as a mediator between the reader and the text. On the other hand McDonald employs the first person narration technique. Although generally it is assumed that first person narration limits a text’s interpretations for the readers since it is a first hand account of a writer’s explication of a situation. Yet the incorporation of the dialogues can be inferred as a technique employed in order to establish a close connection between the action of tak ing place in the essay and the readers. The use of dialogues also camouflages the presence of the writer or the narrator in the text. However a major similarity that is observed in the depiction of writing style is that both authors illustrate detailed descriptions. As observed that McDonald says, â€Å"He was a lumpy little guy with baggy shorts, and a faded T-shirt and heavy sweat socks falling down over old sneakers† (). Similarly Twain states, â€Å"A broad expanse of the river was turned to blood; in the middle distance the red hue brightened into gold†¦ in another the surface was broken by boiling, tumbling rings, that were as many-tinted as an opal; where the ruddy flush was faintest, was a smooth spot that was covered with graceful circles...high above the forest wall a clean-stemmed dead tree waved a single leafy bough that glowed like a flame in the unobstructed splendor that was flowing from the sun† (). Hence both the writers pay special attention to t he minute details. 2.2. Thematic Concern A major common theme that both the authors deal with in their respective pieces of work is the theme of innocence although the manner in which they project it is different. It is stated in Two Ways of Seeing a River that, â€Å"Now when I had mastered the language of this water and had come to know every trifling feature that bordered the great river as familiarly as I knew the letters of the alphabet, I had made a valuable acquisition†¦ All the grace, the beauty, the poetry had gone out of the majestic river† (). This line can be interpretted as, that the writer believes it is better to retain an aura of mystery or innocence and all the secrets should not be revealed so that it can stimulate human curiosity and interest. Since when all the mysteries are unveiled as is the case with the river than it becomes monotonous and even stifling because the newness fades away. Moreover in terms of human beings and their behavior it can be perceived that Overanalyzing of people or even ones self can result in the loss of beauty (however bittersweet) of humanity. A similar theme is used by McDonald in his essay. He emphasizes the importance of innocence through the actions of the blind child i.e. since his lack of sight hinders his quest for knowledge the

Diversion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diversion - Assignment Example Apart from ensuring basic fairness in the application of criminal law, diversion has also had the effect of increasing the efficiency of the system by freeing up resources that can then be directed to more serious legal issues. It also has resulted, in many cases in a great deal of cost savings for the stretched budgets of many criminal justice departments throughout the country. Introduction Diversion is the conditional changing or suspension before the conviction of formal criminal proceedings against a person, in return for which the defendant performs certain agreed activities such as restitution, community service or undergoing treatment options. This process, when successfully completed, results not only in the stopping of the conviction for the crime but also in the expunging of the criminal incident from public records or the sealing of the record. In other instances it may also lead to a reduction of a sentence. Diversion offers an opportunity to provide a more comprehensive and efficient approach to managing the defendants flowing into the system and the utilization of court resources by determining which type of case intervention is most appropriate for any given case (National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies, 2008). 1. There are various reasons that have been advanced for diversion as provided for in United States law. One reason is that it allows for the management of not just the crime but the underlying cause of the reported criminal behavior. Except for a few cases, diversion is primarily applied to first-time offenders, and in a majority of the cases, these are usually juvenile offenders. A lot of the times that these offenders are brought to court for minor charges that are usually related to the kind of environment they are brought up in, depending on the nature of the charges. Mino drug possession offenses, such as possession of small amounts of marijuana are some of the offenses that qualify for diversion (Steadman & Naples, 2005) . In many cases such as these, the offenders are not only given an opportunity to confess their crimes, they are also given a chance to have their criminal record wiped clean, as long as they participate in an educational program on the dangers of drug use and drug possession. Diversion requirements may include making restitution to any victims of a crime, attending an educational program and performing community service or any combination of these. In a majority of these cases, the fact that the offenders have been offered a â€Å"second chance† has been known to be enough of a caution to ensure that the criminal behavior does not occur again (Steadman & Naples, 2005). The other reason that diversion is used is because in some of the cases, the criminal behavior is caused by underlying mental and psychological disorders, which are better dealt with through treatment than through incarceration. It is estimated that up to seven percent of all persons charged with criminal offe nses and imprisoned have some form or degree of mental or social disorder which is usually the underlying cause or trigger for the crime. Studies have shown that a large majority of these cases suffer from mood disorders and schizophrenia, with most of the patients (two out of three) being female. Studies have also shown that diversion improves the quality of life in cases of offenders who undergo treatment programs rather than incarceration (Steadman & Naples, 2005). A third reason why diversion is used

Discuss the differences in Leadership between Men and Women Essay

Discuss the differences in Leadership between Men and Women - Essay Example In order to find out the difference in the leadership style of men and women, it is very important to investigate on the nature of the differences. Gender differences in the Communication For being a good leader, it is very important for an individual to have a strong communication skill. Good communication is considered as the most important skill which is very difficult to master. Failure in good communication results in friction and problems arising in an organization. Various situations, cultures, time, gender styles etc. affect as well as complicate the communication process. After studying the pattern of communication for many years, the linguists agree upon the facts that the gender difference is one of the reasons affecting this process. The gender differences may arise from some of the basic genetic or biological differences or as a result of difference in the cultural behavioral expectations. This difference may lead to several problems in interaction within the organizatio n. The main difference in the communication style of men and women arises due to the fact that the view the purposes of their conversations differently. According to many academic research scholars, women use the communication as an important tool for enhancing the social connections and creating relationships whereas men use this as a tool to exert dominance and finally achieve tangible outcomes (Leaper 801). Women seem to be more expressive, polite and curious in their conversations whereas men are hungry for power. Both of the aspects have a positive impact related to the leadership styles. For example, the expressive and polite nature of the women help in creating a strong relationship (as a leader) with the subordinates whereas the dominant nature of the men help in influencing the subordinates to work efficiently within an organization. Women try to be more expressive and social while interacting with others. Men give higher value to their independence. Men try to maintain the ir status as well as dominance in the relationships with the subordinates while interacting with them and do not believe in building intimate bond with them in order to have an effective leadership style. Women are found to use more tentative, polite language as compared to men especially in the situation of conflict. Research studies made on the gender differences related to the communication styles have concluded that men try to be self assertive and try to converse in such a manner that it may lead to tangible outcomes. On the other hand, women value cooperation. The next phase is finding out that how the gender differences in the leadership styles lead to the differences in their leadership styles. Differences in the Leadership Styles across the Genders It has been found that men are mainly task-oriented leaders whereas women believe in relationship-oriented leadership. The task oriented leaders are autocratic and focuses on setting the work standards, job supervision and meetin g the goals of the production. Men are generally very goal oriented in nature when it is concerned about approaching communication for the purpose of leadership. They use the method of conversation to preserve independence, achieve results and also maintain the status in

Portfolio Management (Masraf Al-rayyan) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Portfolio Management (Masraf Al-rayyan) - Essay Example There is another section called wholesale banking still offered by the bank. This section offers advisory services. It also offers financing products. They offer trade finance which is meant to meet the requirements of small enterprises. (Writers 27) This bank was offered a license to carry brokerage services in the year 2011. This license came from the Qatar Financial Markets in Doha. The Qatar Financial Market was founded in 2011 by the Masraf Al Rayan bank. It was pronounced as a fully independent body in the same year. Its paid up capital was 50 million QAR. The Masraf Al Rayan is a fast growing bank. By 2013 it had 11 branches all over Qatar and a total of 52 cash points or Automated Teller Machines. (Writers 29) Masraf Al Rayan has its mission and vision. The vision states, â€Å"It is to be a leading and innovative international Islamic financial institution, specialized in providing Sharia compliant products and services†. The bank is owned mostly by the public as they have more shares holding since they have a 55% subscription in total. The rest of the 45% has been contributed by the founders of the bank (Times 78). The share capital is QAR 7,500,000,000. This amount is divided into shares. The shares are 750,000,000 in cash with a nominal value of QAR10 per share. (Writers 30) There are no big differences in the current ratio and Quick Ratio as seen in the figures. This shows that the accounts are stable. The highest ratio is in 2010 and lowest in 2009 at 0.9% and 0.33% respectively (Writers 27). According to the figures the bank is doing well. When the bank liquidates the assets they use the ratio to calculate amount of money for each stakeholder. It keeps on increasing from 2009 t0 2013 (Times 80). This ratio gives the financial stability of the company by giving the money left after comparing revenues to goods sold. The ratio is highest in 2013 at 15.5% and lowest in 2010 at 12.6% as seen in the table. (Writers 26) Stock

Information Systems Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Systems Risk Management - Essay Example Often times in a project, expectations are not met that are defined in scope and the WBS.   Thus, creating contingency strategies is pivotal towards executing a successful project.   One of the most pivotal contingency strategies is to have a high incremental cost of resources. Resources are often less expensive when they are bought in bulk, but expensive if they are purchased incrementally.   Hence, it is critical to have software and other resources purchased in bulk to avoid paying extra money.   Another key strategy is to have collaborative sessions on a day-to-day basis.   Often times the project falls behind because individuals are not aware of unexpected circumstances that can occur. Keeping on track with their progress on day to day basis can be truly helpful in the long run. This becomes problematic as the project due date comes closer since many smaller tasks may not be captured in the WBS itself.One of the biggest concerns for closing a project is the end the fin er details of the store. This becomes more problematic the project does not achieve optimal results. This is where the project may fall. For instance, The Project Manager should produce confirmation from the Senior User or User Group that the final product or outcome of the project meets the acceptance criteria.  Often times in a project, expectations are not met that are defined in scope and the WBS.   Thus, creating contingency strategies is pivotal towards executing a successful project.

Applications of Data Mining in the areas of Marketing Communications Essay Example for Free

Applications of Data Mining in the areas of Marketing Communications Essay Introduction In the information age, technological advancements have facilitated the collection of large amounts of information on various fields to include military intelligence, scientific and business data amongst several others. Computers are able to sort out this data with the aid of database management systems. Data can be classified according to predefined criteria. Data mining involves the extraction of implicit and useful information from databases. Use of relational databases is more helpful in the sense that it allows linkage with the structured query language (SQL) that allows for predicting, comparison and the determination of variations (Che, Han Yu, 1996). In websites, this technology is used by businesses in crawling through web pages and collect information that enables the organization to enhance business, analyze the market trends and utilize the information obtained to their best interest (Web Data Mining, 2013). Applications of Data Mining In the Areas of Marketing Communications, Public Relations and Corporate Communications With the development of business intelligence, corporate management through the use of data marts and reporting software can obtain data from any region or field of interest in computer readable form in a relatively short time. It uses this data to forecast on future market expectation and consumer trends. Through its models and tools, managers are able to predict future events (Web Data Mining, 2013). It allows the analysis of past records and marketing to tailor and narrow target audience. It also helps in the determination of marketing methods; in the end, it increases revenue on sales with fewer campaigns. Data mining can predict consumer behavior, the psychology of the consumer, behavior while shopping, influence of business environment on consumers and consumer motivation depending on the importance of the product.   The products sold to consumers provide data on items how they are positioned. Data mining analyzes consumption patterns, for instance, during festive seasons to find out which products sell more and the association between one product and another. It is common to associate the purchase of bread with butter (Raorane Kulkarni, 2011).Association is utilized in making decisions in cross marketing. Through web crawling information on consumer preferences are collected, their purchase records are used in making inventory decisions and analysis of fraudulent payments (Web Data Mining, 2013). Data mining can be categorized according to the data that is collected, in businesses the identification of high profit and low risk customers is an important task for business owners, customers can be segmented with associated characteristics as loyalty and other traits. This is useful in marketing and customer relationship management (Rajagopal, 2011). Accuracy is how often models get their predictions right while reliability is a measure of consistency of the model. Validation is done to determine how models perform against real data; quality and characteristics of a data mining model must be evaluated before deployment. However, data mining models are considered reliable if they generate the same type of predictions and return the same pattern of findings regardless of the test data. Reliability in data mining is also dependent on the skill, knowledge and the ingenuity of the analyst. Meaningful relations between variables can be extracted from databases in complex formats that are unachievable through manual systems. However, reliability is no longer assured in data mining due to its complex heterogeneous and dynamic nature. It is necessary to incorporate preventive measures to safeguard data validity and integrity (Kavulya, Gandhi, Narasimhan, 2008). Conclusion Data mining is an effective tool in fields as medicine, marketing and crime prevention amongst many others. The use of computers has seen this lessen the time required for researches. The tools and models it utilizes are very helpful in business in determining and predicting consumer trends and consumption patterns that were unknown in the past. This seeks to promote revenues with little campaigns. Additionally, the use of web data mining allows businessmen to monitor consumer patterns, clusters and associations for inventory purposes. However, this technique may not be completely reliable, this depends on the skills of the user and preventive measures installed checking on reliability. Through legislation and technological interventions these issues can be alleviated. References Kavulya, S., Gandhi, R. Narasimhan, P. (2008). Gumshoe: Perspective. IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Engineering, 8 (1), pp. 866-883. Rajagopal, S. (2011). Customer data clustering using data mining technique. International journal of Database Management Systems, 3(4), pp. 1-9. Raorane, A Kulkarni, R.V. (2001). Data mining techniques: a source for consumer behavior analysis. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1109.1202.pdf Web data mining. (2013). Predictive analytics and data mining. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from: http://www.web-datamining.net/analytics/

Enzymology and Catalytic Mechanism Essay Example for Free

Enzymology and Catalytic Mechanism Essay Many diseases and disorders are caused by defects in the molecular level of cells and not just having to do with nutrition or other extrinsic factors ,in this report ,we will specifically look at enzymes and their key role in energy production and the cycles and series of activities that make it possible for the human to function properly . Enzymes have four basic characteristics .They do not make a reaction occur that would not occur on its own, they just enhance and make it happen quicker. The enzyme will not be changed by the reaction, it may be changed during the process, but the end product will leave the enzyme as it was when it started. Enyzmes can be used repeatedly. Enyzmes have specific substances in our bodies, so if enzymes don’t work properly, metabolism will not work properly. Enzymes do their work as catalyst by speeding up the process to improve performance. They lessen the activation energy making producing products easier .Enzymes act on specific substances in our bodies. The enzymes will fit into the substance or substrate like a lock and key .Once it is with its certain substrate, it acts like a key and it unlocks the substrate and the substrate can do what it needs to do and then the enzyme will releases from it and is not changed ,then it moves on to another substance. Heredity Fructose Intolerance is a condition that can be passed down through families ,in HFI,two copies of an abnormal gene are present ,thus making it an auto recessive diso rder, and frequently it is seen in person without a history of the disorder . HFI is a condition that affects fructose metabolism ,basically the amount of Aldolase B’s substrate ,F1P ,changes when Aldolase B is deficient or doesn’t work at all. People that have this disorder do not have any symptoms if they do not ingest any  fructose ,whether orally or by IV .F1P is a product of fructokinase and substrate for Aldolase B ,when Aldolase B is not available ,we start to see symptoms of HFI .Aldolase B is only seen in the kidney,liver,and small intestines. An excellent way to see enzymatic roles in our bodies is by studying how Fructose is metabolized in our liver .It is a multiply step, complex process .The first step is the conversion of fructose to fructose 1-phosphate by fructokinase ,which causes the fructose to become trapped in the liver .Then,Fructose-1-phosphate undergoes the chemical reaction called hydrolysis by fructose-1-phosphate aldolase (aldolase B) to form dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde. This usage of fructose leads to either glycolysis for the production of ATP or gluconeogenesis.Sanders, J. (2013) When fructose is taken into the body it is phosphorylated by fructokinase to make fructose 1 –phosphate , Aldolase B then impels F1P breakdown into glyceraldehyde and DHAP,that are used to go on to make ATP through glycolysis or to be used for storage through gluconeogenesis(glycolysis in reverse) .Fructose 1 Phosphate is a product and substrate but also a signal and it send out an alert for high blood sugar and will send signals to tell glucokinase to come out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm and lower blood sugar by sending out glucose to the body. Our bodies usually only have fructose in the blood if we have an increase amount of glucose or high blood sugar ,this means we have elevated F1P levels and that is when glucokinase needs to be released .When F1P is low and our blood sugar is low and our blood glucose is low ,glucokinase will go into the nucleus. When the liver senses hypoglycemia, it produces glucose to be sent to liver cells .Glycolysis reverses to gluconeogenesis to produce glucose to be released in the blood. With HFI,if there is an abundance of F1P because there is no Aldolase B,then our blood sugar is low and the liver will not be picking up the phosphate and it is not being used glycogen breakdown will be slowed down and not much glucose will get produced and glucose will not be getting released, that’s when you see symptoms of hypoglycemia .Also, symptoms of liver damage will result because there is no phosphate available for the ATP synthase ,because it is bound up ,the cells in the liver will die without the ATP production .If a person continues to ingest and not be able to metabolize the fructose a person can die .Symptoms of HFI are hypoglycemia,jaundic,nausea/vomiting, renal or  liver damage or failure. .When bodies are overworked; our breathing will speed up as we try to get more oxygen delivered to our body cells. Most of our energy is made through aerobic methods; however, some situations need an accelerated more energy than our bodies can effectively make. That is when our bodies will cause muscles to generate energy through glycolysis. During glycolysis, glucose breaks down into pyruvate. If our bodies have enough oxygen; pyruvate is goes into an aerobic pathway to be broken down and used for energy. When we don’t have enough oxygen, our body will temporarily change pyruvate into lactate and it will be sent through a cycle to change it to glucose. If there are high lactate levels in the muscle cells there will be a high level of acidity and other metabolites will be disrupted .The high lactate levels do prevent permanent muscle damage when muscles are exerted by slowing the primary systems needed for muscle contraction, but when the body rest, oxygen becomes available and the lactate changes back to pyruvate, allowing continued aerobic metabolism and energy for when a persons the body is recovering from an extreme physical exertion. In glycolysis, 2 ATP are produced to turn glucose into lactate, but in gluconeogenous, it takes 6 ATP to lactate back into glucose. In our muscles glucose can combine with oxygen to generate energy. If there is not any oxygen, the anaerobic breakdown of glucose is achieved through glycolysis; however, ATP and Lactate are present through this process. In the normal presence of O2, glycolysis in muscle cells produces two units of ATP and two units of pyruvate. The two compounds provide the energy that enables a cell to perpetuate breathing through a series of chemical reactions called the Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Oxidation pulls a carbon atom and 2 hydrogen atoms, water and carbon dioxide, out of the equation. Higa, M. (2015) In the absence of oxygen, enzymes can break down the glucose carbohydrate by fermentation. Dehydrogenase enzyme in muscle cells converts it into lactate and the amino acid alanine. The liver filters the lactate out of blood to reverse engineer it to pyruvate and then into glucose. While two ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis in the muscles, it costs the liver six ATP molecules to feed the cycle by gluconeogenesis. If the Cori Cycle occurred in one cell, then glucose to lactate would make 2 ATP, but the lactate to glucose process would cost 6 ATP, this is a net loss of 4 ATP, if the cycle continued over  and over then it would be a futile cycle. If there is any defect with the enzymes in the citric acid cycle ,the cycle will not continue to function as it should, every step has a specific role and a lot of the time the enzymes and products relay on one to function properly for the next step to occur, an example would be :if citrate synthase did not occur or if there was a defect ,then Acetyl-CoA would not happen, nor would CoA,therefore ,the following steps in the CAC would not happen as they should and since it is a cycle, each part has to function properly. The biggest problem with a break in the CAC is that the ATP production is not possible because CAC products are sent to the Electron Transport Chain for Oxidative phosphorylation. During the ETC ,products from Citric Acid Cycle are sent to the matrix of the mitochondria ,the workhouse of the eukaryotic cells ,and it is there ,that NADH and FADH2 are sent to a series of 4 complexes, first to complex 1 and then to complex 2 and then then both of them send their electrons to a co-enzyme ,named Q10, and then from there these products transfer to complex 3 and then to co-enzyme Cytochrome C and then complex 4 ,at this point these the electrons are given for oxygen to make water . This is called Aerobic Respirations. Oxygen takes the electrons and makes water and then the hydrogen ions are pumped out across the intra membranes space. The complex I, III, and pushes these hydrogen ions out .The next complex are called ATP synthase. These hydrogen ions move through this complex and they have energy and they take ADP and phosphate and make it in ATP. Sanders, J. (2013) If any enzyme in the CAC stops working the amount of ATP is affected, example would be if citrate synthase is not working properly then citrate would not be made, also CoA nor would Acetyl- CoA, which is the molecule that enters the CAC.Subsequently the entire cycle is disrupted and then `the ETC will not have access to the products required for ATP production. Sources: Sanders, J. (2013).Electron Transport Chain Retrieved from http://wgu.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer/Default.aspx?id=9ec716ab-3610-47a4-bb37-41b4805935d6 Gilbert, S. (2014).Enzymes Retrieved from http://www.biologyreference.com/Dn-Ep/Enzymes.html Sanders, J. (2013) Aldolase B and Hereditary Fructose Intolerance. Retrieved from http://wgu.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer/Default.aspx?id=ce81226c-d293-4232-997e-fb2957530367 Higa, M. (2015) What is the Cori Cycle .Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-cori-cycle.html

The Importance Of Sustainability Marketing In Hotel Industry

The Importance Of Sustainability Marketing In Hotel Industry Tourism development depends on the local environment, but the hotel as a pillar industry of tourism, on environmental protection and reasonable use of resources made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹efforts directly related to the development of tourism and affect the sustainable development of society. 2. Review on Sustainability Marketing Since 90s, a wave of green revolution is sweeping the world and the concept of sustainable development has been gradually accepted by the people. Nowadays, sustainability becomes a hot topic and main theme of 21st century marketing for hotel industry, because the future hotel development will be more focus on protecting the balance of ecological environment, saving energy and reducing pollution, but that is only one hand. On the other, it is also being an important role in the marketing strategy for any business. Especial in todays highly competitive hotel industry, how to distinguish self from others and run a long-term successful business becomes a question for all hotels management. Lets discuss from the external and internal factors first which influences hotel sustainability. 2.1 External and Internal Factors Within the hotel industry, there are many ways we can talk about how to do sustainability, for example, recycling paper, changing normal bulbs to energy saving light bulb, using non-polluting materials etc. But those measures only can assist in some small ways, sustainability is a much wider topic we can discuss. It is constituted with external and internal factors. There are six areas are illustrated connecting together in an environment of economic success, social responsibility, and ecological health (Daub Ergenzinger 2005), and that six areas include location, marketing, human resources, empowerment, resource management and yield management. These are not the only elements that management needs to consider but it does give some indication of the importance of each element in a connected environment. (Holmberg, J. 1992). Besides those external factors, environmental management, water management and energy management as important internal components direct influences hotel environ mental sustainability. Throughout the factors, the sustainability development of the global hotel industry is not only direct impact by internal factors, but external factors as a strategy element will assist a hotel business go beyond. 2.2 Definition of Sustainability Marketing The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) defined sustainable development as development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. (Brundlland Commission Report, 1987). This is a general explanation apply to all field. But in a business context, sustainable development means taking a triple bottom line (people, planet and profit) approach so that the business measures its success not just on financial performance, but on its environmental and social performance too (Csreurope.org 1999) . The Langham in Shanghai currently installing LED screen for every hotel room, and it will display each rooms energy consumption index (ECI), assuming hotel set 150 point as the average ECI, and if the index of the guests room below this average value, every point that lower than the average index, it can exchange to the equivalent hotel credit value, guest can consume goods within hotel using this credit value. 2.2.1 Different between Green Marketing and Sustainability Marketing Many people define sustainable marketing as green marketing. But from the definition between these two words, they still have subtle difference. Green marketing has three components, it refers to retailing, social marketing and environment and it will help an organization minimize negative impact on the physical environment (American Marketing Association). However, sustainable marketing is the contribution that the marketing profession can make to sustainable development (Csreurope.org 1999). Hence, green marketing should be an important member under sustainable marketing in order to assist hotel business goes further. Langham made a lot of energy saving effort to achieve the environmental protection, on the other hand, it helped hotel save cost. In addition, it provided a different experience to let their customer be an environmentalist. The manager Mr Li from Langham mention that hotel wont sacrifice their guests stay experience to achieve their own environmental goals, but can added more enthusiasm of environmental protection when they stay at hotel, sustainability marketings aim is not only focus on reduce pollution, more important is promote green awareness in order to build a green corporate image. Therefore, for those advocating environmental protection guest can easily make a choice, select a hotel which their core is sustainable development, so that not only broadcast their fame, but also retain the guest, that is the sustainable development road for a hotel. 2.4 The Importance Elements of Sustainability Marketing for Hotel Industry  ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦Ã…’ ½Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º Sustainable Travel international (SIT) is a global non-profit leader which announced the launch of the Luxury Eco Certification Standard (LECS) to luxury hotels, it h elps them create and implement a measurement and management framework move toward to sustainability.(website). It can be seen, for todays hotel industry, being a well know hotel is not only reflect on variety service they can provide, but also give customer a different experience to retain their loyalty is the most important elements for nowadays hotel. 2.5.1 Customer Satisfaction The hotel wont sacrifice customer stay experience to achieve its own environmental goals. The hotel does not sacrifice guests stay to achieve their own environmental goals. Guests spend money hoping to enjoy equivalent services, the hotel environmental protection, is not so that guests can not do this can not do that, but I hope they add more environmental enthusiasm stay. Have a great sale not because of grate product, because of service)7-11 2.4.2 Branding In addition, the implementation of green marketing is also beneficial to build a green corporate image to ensure, so companies gain a unique competitive advantage. 2.3 Development trend of Sustainability Marketing Marketing has a responsibility to achieve profitable growth for the company (KOTLER, P., BOWEN, J. T., MAKENS, J. C. 2006). 2.3.1 Knows Customer Needs, Wants Demand 2.3.2 Differentiate Product from Other Competitors 2.5 Strategy Planning of Sustainability Marketing à ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã…’ Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚ ·Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã… ½Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦- ½: SUSTAINABILITYà ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨ 2.4.1 SWOT Analysis 3. Conclusion

Essay examples --

WHAT IS SCHIZOPHRENIA? Schizophrenia is a long-term mental disorder involving a breakdown in thought, emotion, and behavior. This brain disorder affects a person’s overall mental health state. Those suffering from schizophrenia experience one or more of the following symptoms: o Delusions, such as feeling that people are trying to hurt them o Hallucinations, such as hearing or seeing things that are not actually there o Bizarre behavior, such as talking to themselves or acting inappropriately o Disorganized speech, such as using disorderly speech patterns and sentence arrangements o â€Å"Negative† symptoms, such as lacking interest in personal hygiene, disinterest in social interactions, and lack of motivation Schizophrenia affects about 1 percent of the American population. Schizophrenia, although being common, does not affect one particular population over another. Cases of schizophrenia occur equally in both men and women, yet are more common in older teens and younger adults ranging from the ages of about 16-30. Schizophrenia will generally not be initially diagnosed in persons over the age of 45. The disorder is not more prevalent in any certain ethnicity. Schizophrenia usually does not affect children, except in rare cases. There is not an overwhelming amount of information about the etiology of schizophrenia, such as its specific biological/cellular causes. Mental health is a relatively young research field and much is still being learned concerning how the brain operates. Scientists do know, however, that schizophrenia is caused by certain chemical imbalances in the brain. Also, this specific brain disorder affects every inflicted person in a different manner, making it extremely difficult for scientists to fully und... ...he illness stop taking their medications. In this case, the individual is feeling more like normal and thus thinks they no longer need to take their prescribed medications. When this happens, symptoms will return, and will often lead to elevated suicide risks for the schizophrenic person. FOR MORE INFORMATION and HELP: o NAMI, National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (www.nami.org) o NAMI in the state of Ohio, 1-800-686-2646 o National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, 1-800-273-8255 o Schizophrenics Anonymous Support Group in Cincinnati, Ohio o Wednesday, 2:45-3:45 at 2340 Auburn Avenue Cincinnati, Ohio 45219 o Contact Chris Pedoto, 513-241-1411, for more information o Cincinnati psychiatric doctors specializing in treatment for schizophrenia o David L Fedders (MD), 513-723-0390 o Michael A Gureasko (MD), 513-281-8840 o Khan & Seth (MDs), 513-585-3690 or 513-585-3690

Does The Void Exist Essay -- essays research papers

Does the void exist? One of the main controversies in Pre-socratic philosophy is the dispute of the existence or non-existence of the void. Two groups of philosophers argue this idea. The first group, namely Parmenides, argues that the void does not exist. This is the opinion of the Monist philosophers. The other group is the atomists who argue this thesis and believe there is a void. This group is primarily represented by the philosophers, Democritus and Leucippus. Parmenides argues against the existence of the void. The plenum fragment states his opinion quite clearly: "Nor is it divisible, since it is all alike; nor is there more here and less there, which would prevent it from holding together, but it is full of what is. So it is all continuous, for what is clings close to what is." This shows the idea, that if there would be a void or an empty space then "what is" would move into it. Hence, there is no void. Because "what is" fills up this space completely. "Since it is all alike" volume or density is continuous everywhere. Since it is not divisible there is no void between "what is". Also "what is" itself has no void in it. If there were void or space in one object, compared to a more denser object these particles would not "...

Feminism in Sophocles Antigone and Shakespeares Othello Essay

Feminism in Antigone and Othello  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Feminism has been one of the most important forces in shaping our modern-day society. Thanks to the women's rights movement, females today enjoy rights and freedoms that are unprecedented in the history of Western civilization. However, it was not always this way. Whereas modern literature that contains feminist messages barely gets a second thought, readers in our time are intrigued and impressed by feminist works coming from a decidedly male-biased past. Two of the greatest works of Western literature, Antigone and Othello, written by the two great dramatists Sophocles and Shakespeare, have been said to illustrate feminist ideals in the "distant" past. Antigone, which embodies these ideals throughout and is primarily concerned with the inequity of gender roles, is such a play. Othello, while it contains occasional feminist sentiment, still keeps its women in conventional female roles and thus is not a feminist work. In order to determine if these plays are feminist, we first require a working definition of the term. This alone is rather complicated, because the word itself is popularly used and misused in many different ways. In its simplest form, feminist doctrine states that women and men are equal and deserve the same rights and privileges. This, although widely accepted in our time, was not in the past. However, feminism also has been seen as the belief that men are the inferior sex, a belief that might more accurately be termed "anti-masculinism". This belief has never been widely espoused in Western society, and probably never will be. It can also be said that "feminism" is any belief or idea that is meant to improve the well-being and social standing of females: for ex... ...e does not, and this is seen clearly in the play. We are driven to sympathize with Antigone, and we see that she finds a way to be powerful that does not fit in with the classical male-driven power structure. She is also powerful in the structure of the play: she is its most well developed character and the play takes its title from her name. Finally, Sophocles shows us that feminism works, at least in Antigone's case: she gets what she wants. Unfortunately, this happens to be death, but her attempts at power still get her what she desires.    Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Othello. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat, Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square Press, 1993. Sophocles. Antigone. The Theban Plays. Ed. and trans. E. F. Watling. London: Penguin Group, 1947: 126-162. Watling, E. F. "Introduction." The Theban Plays. London: Penguin Group, 1947: 7-22.

Type of particles with dimensions

Nanoparticles include any type of atoms with dimensions of less than 500 nanometres. Nanoparticles play a major function in a assortment of Fieldss including advanced stuffs, pharmaceuticals, and environmental sensing and monitoring, as stated by ( J.B. Donnet et Al 1998 ) . Nanoparticles classified as one of two types, engineered or nonengineered. Engineered nanoparticles are deliberately designed to run into the demands of specific intents, such as chemical or biological. They can be end merchandises of a procedure eg.pharmaceuticals, or ultrafine atoms have tradition ­ally been used by the aerosol research and occupational and environmental wellness communities to depict airborne atoms. Nonengineered nanoparticles are accidentally generated or of course produced, such as burning from firing wood fuel or gasoline from vehicle emanations in the ambiance. Exposure of workers in different environments to assorted hazards nanoparticle engineering exists is legion. Nanoparticle engineering are applied in assorted industries, such as chemical industry catalysts, adhesives, car industry fuel additives, abrasion immune pigment, Health attention, pharmaceuticals, biocompatible stuffs, and building industry merchandises bettering wear-resistance. Occupational exposure bound ( OEL ) is an of import instrument for decrease of exposure to occupational jeopardies and bar of occupational diseases as stated by, M.I. Mikheev ( 1995 ) Toxicology Letters Vol. 77 ( 3 ) , pp 183-187. The intent of ( OEL ) is to move as a precaution in protection of the wellness of individuals in their several working environment from exposure to concentrations good over their allowable exposure bounds. The chief paths of occupational exposure to nanoparticles include inspiration, transdermic desorption and consumption ( BORM et.al, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to ( HOET et.al, 2004 ) the most common and investigated signifier of occupational exposure to nanoparticles is inspiration. A possible hazard arises when a individual within the working environment illustration, chemical industry performs everyday procedure where conditions as possible jeopardies exist. The hazards of nanoparticles are present and enter the human organic structure through one of the assorted paths of exposure and there are interactions of the stuffs with the organic structure ‘s biological systems. There can be inauspicious wellness hazards following exposure to the peculiar substance. Acute and Chronic exposure of the substance associated with the magnitude and dose of the exposure, good above the threshold value and continuity of the stuff in the organic structure. The built-in toxicity of the stuff, and the exposure or wellness position of the individual exposed along with age, sex, will find the type of wellness consequence impacting the worker. Hardman R ( 2006 ) A toxicologic reappraisal of quan ­tum points VOL 2, pp165-172.According to ( Duffin et al. 2007 ) which made mention to the fact that harmonizing to the substance of engineered nanoparticles features will change in footings of toxicity in the biological system of the organic structure and that there are uncertainnesss because the features of nanoparticles may be different from those of larger atoms with the same chemical composing. Inhalation is the most common signifier of exposure taking to respiratory diseases in footings of lung infection due to sedimentation of particulate affair within the respiratory piece of land over a period of clip due to dosage from point of beginning. ( Daigle et al. 2003 ) has made mention to the fact that ultrafine nanoparticles are deposited in the liner of the lungs which is the epithelial cells, to a greater extent than larger atoms of the same substance. The sum deposited in to the lungs increases with take a breathing rate due to strenuous activities and alteration from rhinal pit to talk external respiration. This tends to worsen individuals with bing lung conditions illustration occupational asthma and chronic effects can be linked to mesothelioma or lung malignant neoplastic disease, silicosis. Based on surveies, distinct nano ­particles may come in the blood stream from the lungs and disperse to other variety meats ( Takenaka et al.2001 ) . These indissoluble or low solubility atoms deposited in the pneumonic system are eliminated from the respiratory system by transporting them elsewhere in the organic structure. The motion of these ultrafine atoms in the blood stream could impact endothelial map and promote thrombosis in the arterias and other blood system jobs, including increased blood curdling ( Nemmar et al. 2002 ) , which leads to cardiovascular upsets. Expelled atoms from the lungs into the blood watercourse have effects on cardiovascular physiology, with changes of cardiac beat and arterial diameter. Several epidemiological surveies ( Wichmann et al. , 2000 ) which made mention to ultrafine atoms can go through through the extrapulmonary variety meats via the blood stream. Some atoms can be transported along the centripetal axons to the cardinal nervous systems which affect the encephalon doing neurological effects. The possible for neural consumption and translocation of inhaled particulates and pathogens to the encephalon was researched by ( Oberdorster et al. 2005 ) . Consumption may besides attach to inspiration exposure because atoms that are cleared from the respiratory piece of land via the mucociliary escala ­tor may be swallowed, ( Chen, Z et Al. 2007 ) . Nanoparticles can be straight ingested from H2O, nutrient, pharmaceutical drugs. Consumption can happen from unwilled manus to talk transportation of stuffs, this has been found to go on with established stuffs, and it can be assumed that it besides could go on dur ­ing managing nanomaterials. Harmonizing to research done by ( Behrens et al.2002 ) after consumption ultrafine atoms can be transferred across the enteric wall easy than larger atoms of the same substance. Surveies suggest that nanoparticles could come in the organic structure through the tegument during occupational exposure or through cosmetics. ( Tin ­kle et al. 2003 ) illustrated that atom smaller than 1  µm in diameter may pene ­trate into stamp tegument of the organic structure, and farther stated that it perforate the stratum core ­num barrier by inactive diffusion and local ­ize within the cuticular and cuticular beds within 24 hours. ( Lademann et al. 1999 ) stated that atoms making the corium can be transported to the lymphatic system by macrophages and dendritic cells. This leads to the release of in ­flammatory cytokines, oxidative emphasis, and reduced viability ( Monteiro-Riviere et al. 2005 ) . Skin annoyance has been noted for a few atom types, illustration for semisynthetic mineral fibers. This consequence is greater for larger fibers than smaller fibers. Within the working environment there are hazards, with mention to nanoparticles such as a chemical province as indissoluble atoms or fibers nanoparticles and ultrafine atoms, Diesel fumes, and semisynthetic mineral fibers. Harmonizing to Hannah, W. ( 2008 ) Nanotechnology, hazard and the environment Journal of Environmental Monitoring VOL.10 pp291-300. Research workers agree that ultrafine atoms pose the strongest emerging hazard with respects to occupational exposure. Hazard appraisal is an indispensable measure to find what command degree must be implemented to restrict emanations in the air or H2O and prevent a toxic substance from impacting certain mark variety meats in workers. The control measures must be relative to the hazard ( Roberge et al. 2004 ) . Measures must implemented to guarantee that associated hazards are minimal to workers who might be exposed to nanoparticles through inspiration, transdermic desorption and consumption. There must be applications of hazard appraisal methods from bing informations to the peculiar working environment which is under reappraisal for appraisal. From the appraisal 1 must determine a description of the nanomaterial whether it is engineered or nonengineered, its chemical composing, H2O solubility, aspect ratio, surface alterations and its intended use as stated by ( Aitken RJ et Al. 2006 ) . There must besides be hazard designation in which information is collected about the nanomaterial and its effects on the volume of emanations on the environment, and scattering to environing countries thereby doing wellness effects to individuals at the immediate point of release and besides long range scattering. Helland, A. ( 2008 ) Reviewing the environmental and Human wellness cognition base of C nanotubes Vol.115 pp 1125-1131 The jeopardies which are identified must be categorised, an epidemiological survey in footings of who will be affected that is the workers in the environment, consumers, and other individuals in the general populace. ( Schulte et al. 2008 ) . Invitromethods which refer to local effects on the oculus and tegument, skin pervasion and genotoxicity, invitro proving refers to illustration, possible effects in the respiratory system, particularly the lungs. Inflammation, cytotoxicity or genotoxicity, which contribute to lung toxicity in vivo ( such as fibrosis or tumour formation ) are examined. ( Hess et al.2005 ) . Another jeopardy exists when there is exposure which occurs when a individual within the working environment comes into direct contact with a nanomaterial during a normal procedure or when a nanomaterial is released into the air, H2O, dirt, deposit, nutrient, or a merchandise. Exposure may be followed by existent entry into the organic structure via intake inspiration or consumption or transdermic soaking up though other open tissue, such as the oculus. The nature of the nanomaterial based merchandise may take to assorted paths of exposure. ( Nasterlack, M. et al 2008 ) . Potential hazards must be evaluated and quantified due to the nature and frequence of the jeopardy that is intake emanation concentration and maximal workplace concentration in footings of a high or low dosage. The hazard degree must be adjusted harmonizing to the badness or uncertainnesss of the documented hazard. Harmonizing to ( Singh, S.et al 2007 ) sometimes due to a low frequence of the jeopardy or exposure informations a full quantitative and qualitative appraisal of hazards, can be done, this may be done by comparing the trial stuff to a stuff with well-characterized toxicity judged to be more terrible as a benchmark. After the information would be assessed for divergences in stuff and applications. Risk direction involves cut downing hazard of nanomaterial procedures or merchandises to worlds and the environment. A hazard direction appraisal would supply the sequence to supervise activities, procedures, and dispose of or recycle the merchandise. It besides minimises any possible inauspicious impacts towards individuals and the environment. The degree of protection must be determined and command steps should be proportionate with the hazard. Decisions should be based on bing criterions of wellness and safety, and the effectivity of the chosen control method in cut downing exposure to below the maximal degree determined acceptable in the hazard rating harmonizing to ( Paik, S.Y. ( 2008 ) Application of a Pilot Control Banding Tool for Risk LevelAssessment and Control of Nanoparticle Exposures Vol 52 pp419-428.Health jeopardies identified above illustrates the demand to look into thorough hazard appraisals and fix protocols which include steps for minimising staff exposure. Such s teps include administrative controls and direction determinations for nanoparticles and other risky chemicals must be included in the appraisal. Engineering control techniques such as insulating the gen ­eration beginning from the worker and lo ­cal fumes airing systems must be effectual for restricting airborne nano ­particles. The usage of good work patterns helps in understating worker exposures to nanomaterials, such as forestalling the ingestion of nutrient or drinks in workplaces where nanomaterials are handled. The instruction and preparation of workers in protocols of good work patterns reduces incidents although hazards are present at different procedures. The development of processs and rating of types of exposure to find the choice and type of PPE for employees. Although nanoparticles are present in many workplaces, from beginnings such as procedures, burning, vehicle emanations, when a hazard appraisal is undertaken trying methods may be given to take readings at points other than atom beginning doing it hard to dif ­ferentiate between incidental and caused emanations. Harmonizing to ( Silkoff et al. 2005 ) persons with asthma and long term wellness effects have early noticeable symptoms can non wholly be attributed to nanoparticles, illustration, and familial cistrons. From the research of ( Takenaka et al.2001 ) at that place needs to be detailed research saying if the ultrafine nanoparticles which transrelocate to variety meats organic structure from the lungs are more prevailing to engineered or non engineered and if the ultrafine are more toxic than the larger versions of the said substance which causes amendss to cell construction. Although from the research done by ( Tin ­kle et al. 2003 ) , which gave a value of atom smaller than 1  µm in diameter may pene ­trate the cuticular beds of the tegument it does non print information as to the concentration of toxicity towards the several beds of the tegument to do annoyance and besides research on the cuticular exposure of nanomaterials is ongoing. ( Wichmann et al. 2000 ) in their research made reference of ultrafine atoms altering location from organ to organ via the blood watercourse but did non uncover any informations about the continuance of these within the organic structure peculiarly the liver and kidneys, since these organ remove toxins from the blood watercourse, or after digestion as most nanoparticles are expelled from the system via faces. Little is known about possible inauspicious effects from the consumption of nanomaterials. Another country which warrants research is the transportation of nanoparticles across the placenta, the exposure which is critical to fetal development. Within some states Government face an inevitable undertaking in maintaining up to day of the month with the hazards which nanomaterial airs to the population and the environment due to inefficiency of information. There are betterments in nanoparticles development which offer a broad scope of chances particularly in footings of medical research for sensing, diagnosing and intervention of diseases. Research has besides begun in utilizing nanoparticles in term of environmental decontamination.

Enlightened Philosophers (John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jean Jacques Rousseau)

John Locke, nance de Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Jean Jacques Rousseau were whole enlighten handst philosophers. altogether(prenominal) of these men had a particular heap of organization, society, and its citizens and they were totally passionate active their works. Locke (1632- 1704) was an English philosopher, his ideas had a salient impact on the development of political philosophy and he is widely regarded as one(a) of the roughly(prenominal) influential enlightenment thinkers. Montesquieu (1689- 1755) believed that all things were make up of equitys that neer changed. His most storied work, The Spirit of Laws, outlined his ideas on how regime would work best.Voltaire (1694- 1778) was a poet, an essayist, playw amend, historian, and above all, a critic of society. He was a great meliorist for indecorum and was twice captive for his writings. Rousseau (1712-1778) generally recycled older enlightenment ideas progress is well known for his passionate rhetoric, wh ich enflamed a generation and beyond. John Lockes take in of regime was that it was smashing to shake off one. The spate whitethorn effectuate their trust in the regimen so that in turn, the government whitethorn trust the comfortably deal and defend their chastens. The reason why men fill and give might to lawmakers is that thither may be make, and rules set, as guards and fences The pack ar right in trying to put the laws in the hands of the government which give comfort their rights. (Excerpt from Lockes Two Treatises with Government) . Within the government, there were societies. Lock matte up that the mountain inevitable/ wanted a government to protect their rights. They dont, however, want to be victims of power ill-usage by the government. The reason why men enter into society is to hold on their property. Two Treatises with Government) . E very society is made up of citizens he believed that People (lawmakers) get out inevitably guy their power at some point. When this happens, commonwealth should suck up the right to break free from the government. When lawmakers abuse haughty power and try to take a port and destroy the property of the pile The pile are then freed from whatever further obedience to lawmakers (Two Treatises with Government) . If Locke were a active during the Renaissance period, his counts may pay shifted.Lock may have been less(prenominal)(prenominal) bold some his reasons why men enter into a society. The conversion was a time of slumber and successfulness. Humanism, ego awareness, art, and science were a sorry deal and his watch out of batch and their state in nature may have changed because people were thin tycoon polarly during those propagation. During the Protestant renewal, times were to a fault different and his opinion may have altered again. Locke may have non cared active the people as overmuch because he was too mobile criticizing the government/ performes.The Protestant Reformation was a time where people were very critical of the churches because they abused their power which is one of Lockes philosophies people want to be protected by the government, not abused. During the Scientific alteration, however, people were big on science and the people not so much the churches/ government so Lockes view may have changed again. He probably would feel the same means about the government alone less harsh about the people. As times change, so do peoples opinions. Baron de Montesquieu believed in a government slightly different than Lockes.Montesquieu still believed in a ab trustworthy government but he cerebration that laws should be specific to different part of the world where as different law may have to be obligate in different places. In his most famous work, The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu says Lawsshould be altered for the people for whom they are framedthey should be relative to the climate of individually country, to the superior of its soil Montesquieus view of society, however, differed very much from Lockes. Montesquieu felt up that people suffer intoxicated on power when they have enough of it and they couldnt handle having to a greater extent than the person next to them. Political liberty can only be prepare in moderate governments when there is no abuse of power. (The Spirit of Laws) Montesquieu feels the same instruction about individual citizens as he does about the general society. People everlastingly abuse their powers. No matter how runty the amount they have, they result push their believability to the edge. Constant experience shows us that every man invested with power is apt to abuse it and carry it as far as it will go. (The Spirit of Laws) . As the spiritual rebirth came around, Montesquieu would unquestionably not have had much(prenominal) a bad opinion of man.As previously mentioned, the renaissance was a time for prosperity and there was a focus on humanism. Montesquieu believed th at men will abuse any power that they are given but during the renaissance, people were much different. As for the Protestant Reformation, Montesquieu would probably feel the same way as his authoritative philosophy. Nobody wish each other during the Protestant Reformation but the wish the government/ churches flush less. Theres no dubiety that people would abuse their power and the government should be split in 3 sections.However, during the Scientific Revolution, Montesquieu would feel the same about the people and probably would view the government the same way. During the Scientific Revolution, people were find from the Protestant Reformation but it was the abuse of power that put them there in the first place and they needed a stable government. Jean Jacques Rousseau was similar to Locke in his belief of a government. Rousseau believes that government is infallible for stability but only to an extent. If the king/ government should go against the people, they have a right t o demand their freedom. No one not even a king has the right to go against the community as a whole. If a ruler was exacting and went against the will of the people the sociable choose is broken and the people had a right to demand their freedom (The Social Contract). Rousseaus view of society was also good in that he did not rap anything he merely made the contemplation that in a society, people all have to abide by all the same rules because this keeps them at bay. The essence of the social contract can be utter simply each individual surrenders all his rights to the community (The Social Contract). Rousseaus view of citizens basically adds onto his view of how they react in society. He believes that people want to delay amongst each other in stillness they want to be protected and live by certain guidelines to ensure prosperity. During the Protestant Reformation, Rousseaus ideas would have changed drastically. People were definitely not living in peace and the government /churches were what got them into a mess in the first place. During the Protestant Reformation people were basically at war with the church and anyone who disagreed with their opinion.During the Scientific Revolution, people need a stable government because of what happened during the Protestant Reformation. However, people also wanted to live in peace with the government and their neighbors and whoever else. Rousseau would have felt the same about the government and about how people were living their lives during the Scientific Revolution as he would have from his original philosophy. Voltaire does not seem to care much for the government, He was a great crusader for liberty and was twice imprisoned for his writings. His view of society was that people should be pass judgment and understanding of each other when people do not accept each other and their ship canal of thinking, nothing good will come of it. Tolerance has never brought about civil war. Intolerance has cover the eart h with destruction (A Treatise on Toleration). When it comes to individuals, Voltaire is brightness level with his words he doesnt penalise them for his distaste in the government. Voltaire believed that people should have certain unalienable rights that cannot be revoked unless they are causing some sort of a public moveance. apiece person must(prenominal)(prenominal) be permitted to believe and to think that which he rightly believes in. Each person should be able to speak freely as long as it does not disturb the public order. Each person must be able to freely perpetrate any religion which he believes in (A Treatise on Toleration). Voltaire would have the same feelings about the government and about the people during the Protestant Reformation. It was a time when nobody liked the government/ churches and the people wanted their rights because they were losing trustfulness in religion.During the Scientific Revolution people wanted their rights because they werent big on religion anymore, so, Voltaire probably would have felt the same way as his original writings. In conclusion, each philosopher had their own ideas and ways of thinking about the government, different societies, and its citizens. Each man may have also been influenced differently by the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, or the Scientific Revolution. These enlightenment philosophers have go away their mark on history and will always be remembered as influential figures.

Quality Costs for Consideration Essay

Our firm is the manufacturer of tangible proceedss. We, as a comp all, must keep in line that we argon delivering the higher(prenominal)est spirit products to our clients to prevent a prime(prenominal) reputation and in order to earn subscribe to over and referral business. We lease identified the collar types of be associated with the capital punishment of superior considerations. We believe that if we be mindful of the pursual be our whole tone leave alone improve, our customer enjoyment will improve and our business will prosper. The three types of constitutes associated with whole tone considerations ar prevention cost, estimation costs, intragroup and external adversity costs. Prevention costs be the most effective way to head off unnecessary problems with production and sales quality. These costs are defined as any steps we as a company can take to pre-emptively subdue any future defects by providing our employees with things such as, kosher as wel lls to complete their assigned work, safe and proper work conditions, proper and effective cookery of only youthful employees and continual training and education for all exist employees, and by weaponing quality control systems to ensure all products produced are up to the companys and customers quality standards. estimate costs are the costs associated with the testing and inspection of purchased materials used in the productions process, inspection of the items the company is producing, checking items produced for conformance, quality control audits and knit stitch testing of items produced and the cost of the labor associated with all of these items. These costs are ultimately the quality costs conclusioning from quality control and while they may be high in numbers but are commanding during the manufacturing and production processes. Internal failure costs are the costs that we would incur should we fail to meet the quality standards of the products we produce. These c osts encompass everything from the manufacturing of a bad product to the downtime go outing from a quality assurance problem. Scrap materials, high-risk and rejected products are some example of internal failure costs incurred from a lack of quality assurance.External failure costs are the result of internal failure costs that somehow fly recognition and end up with our customers. These costs are warranty repairs and replacements, lawsuits from spoilt or dangerous products, a loss of referral and repeat business as a result of a battered reputation and any recalls the company may have to endure because of amiss(p) quality assurance these costs will unavoidably cause the most damage as our defective products have reached the product and that is where the problem is realized. The time, money and safari needed to overcome an external failure cost is astronomical and can even become a threat to the companys very existence. An military rating of these costs allows us to analyze t he trade-offs for each and why it is so important for us, as a company, to maintain high quality control standards.Preventative costs may be substantial to the company during the sign implementation period because the company may have to update equipment or hire appropriate training managers for our employees but we believe that if we implement these preventative measures the benefits will far outweigh the costs for the company. The trade-offs if we decide non to take preventative measures we will be opening night our processes up for internal failure which will result in lost time, wasted product and disquieted customers from late deliveries. We believe this cost will hit our employees morale and increase our costs overall for the reasons stated above which will deteriorate our margin.Appraisal costs may be numerous in the manufacturing industry and during the production process but the tradeoff for non implementing these appraisal costs is far too great to accept from a co st, benefit perspective. The tradeoffs for not implementing these costs are the use of bad mad materials during production resulting in poorly produced items, products that are not uniformly produced defective products which will ultimately be returned or worse cause harm to the allocator or even customer. We would lose business, lose referrals and maybe even lose suppliers if we do not implement appraisal procedures and we, as a company cannot sacrifice liabilities that would be a direct tradeoff for not implementing appraisal costs. Internal and external costs, we believe, can be the end of the company if we do not take preventative action now.We leave ourselves open for judicial proceeding from faulty products that reached our customers and were injured, the cost of recalling faulty merchandise which requires us to pay for shipping and to replace any defective product that we sold. We also open ourselves up for existence ridicule and loss of repeat and referral business from a battered reputation. For all these reasons we believe that the company necessarily to act now to implement a quality control system, implement preventative measures starting at the training phase of our new employees and monitor our turnout carefully by auditing our processes and products regularly to help us avoid internal failure and external failure costs as a company.